Sunday, September 14, 2008

TEQUILA-THE' FENI' FROM MEXICO

Goa is famous for its Feni, the distilled liquor prepared by alcoholic fermentation of cashew apple which is unique to this region. The cottage scale industry that makes Feni is traditional in nature marked by skill and experience. It is not clear why this product has not attracted big brewers who control the spirit industry in the country. One of the reasons could be the logistics of sourcing the fruit as the harvesting time is influenced by the maturity of the nut and invariably only fallen fruits are available for fermentation. But its value is internationally recognized as no where else in the world Feni is known to be made.

Mexico has also a unique alcoholic beverage called Tequila which is made from Agave which is a rich source of inulin, a poly fructosan. There are 130 species of Agave though most commonly used is Agave tequilana. Inulin on hydrolysis yields fructose which is considered sweeter than sucrose. Yeast fermentation is generally carried out using glucose as the source of sugar. Starch sources such as tapioca, maize, rice, wheat sorghum all yield glucose on hydrolysis. On the other hand molasses, a rich source of glucose and fructose, is commercially used to produce alcohol for both industrial and IMF liquors. Mexican producers of Tequila boast of special strains of yeast that converts fructose into alcohol efficiently and is considered a secret.

The process includes roasting, shredding, pressing out the juice, addition of yeast inocculum and fermentation for 30-48 hours followed by distillation in copper stills to get a product of 70-110 proof strength. One kg of Agave pinas yields 1 liter of juice containing 90% inulin. A typical Agave pina weighs 20 to 80 kg. There is always the question as to why this material is not used as a sweetener in food products but its traditional use to make Tequila is based on higher value addition and national pride. Besides use of fructose in foods is clouded with uncertainties regarding its suspected adverse effect in human system. Though it has a low GI of 27, its consumption is reported to be responsible for high triglyceride and LDL levels in human beings. Fructose consumption is also linked to interference with hormone signals associated with satiety leading to over eating. Similarly consumption of fructose after a heavy meal raises its GI value
dramatically. Probably these findings, though not universally accepted, make the Tequila production in Mexico a blessing in disguise as the plentiful supply of Agave is economically utilized! 
V.H.POTTY
http://vhpotty.blogspot.com/

STREET FOODS-AN ANACHRONISM?

The eternal patience and tolerance, in a country where Hindu, Buddhist and Jain philosophy converged hundreds of years ago, allow freedom to its citizens to do what ever is ethical and unobtrusive to others in the society. With the political system presently being practiced in the country often creating desperation and frustration amongst  peaceful citizens, the country is slowly loosing its bearings regarding its future. It is a common trait to see things crumbling before the eyes and even a small gain gets amplified several fold, forgetting that tons of opportunities have already been lost for ever because of short sightedness and lack of vision amongst the ruling elite, setting the country backward in its quest for peace and prosperity. 
 
'Regularization' is a buzz word for any thing done wrongfully, mocking the law of the country and squandering public money and resources. Be it encroachment or land grabbing or violence or any other deeds not in consonance with societal norms, they are easily condoned/accommodated without allowing the law to take its course. The recent massive write off in case of agricultural loans or paying public money for sectarian purpose or provision of Non Productive Assets(NPA) in the banking system to write off loans to influential persons, all reflect the great libertarian philosophy of the country.
 
One may wonder what this has to do with street vending. If considered dispassionately street vendors grossly violate the basic principle that streets are not meant to do business as it is public facility for the citizens to be mobile without hindrance. More over food is not meant to be cooked or served in the open for safety reasons. In early nineties a study in Penang, Malaysia clearly brought out the dangers of road side vending when the foods served were found to contain high traces of lead and other elements from the automobile exhausts. Of course lead may not be a problem to day as it has since been eliminated from the gasoline. There are also other issues such as microbial contamination from the atmosphere, from dirty storage vessels and inadequately cleaned serving plates.  That apart, how can one justify allowing hawkers to set up their business on the road side while organized business has to face a maze of restrictions under the
licensing regime? Now that street vending has caught the fancy of some people, it has become a fashionable topic for discussion even amongst scientists who want to make the 'street foods' safer, giving it a honorable place forgetting that 'regularizing' such violation in already congested urban areas will attract more vendors and more logistical problems.
 
Attempts have been made to design more hygienic vending booths to safeguard the health of the consumers but without clean water for preparation, washing and other purposes such efforts are not likely to bring about any dramatic changes in the system. The lack of data regarding incidences of food borne diseases amongst the consumers of street foods, with both short as well as long term consequences, does not mean any thing because many people take in their strides any minor physical discomforts inside the belly caused by such foods without reporting. The latest initiative by the Ministry of Food Processing Industry, GOI to give brand equity to such foods by sponsoring them, is only misconceived and in stead alternatives will have to be found to rehabilitate the vendors as a societal service. A possible solution could be earmarking some areas in the urban areas for food courts where all facilities are provided and a safety monitoring system is put
in place. These facilities should include safe running water, power at low tariffs, provision for utensil washing, waste disposal without generating foul smell and hygienic toilets. If such food courts are established, street vending could be totally banned giving the vast majority of the citizens respite from congested streets for which they will be grateful. .  
 
 
 V.H.POTTY
http://vhpotty.blogspot.com/

FOOD PULL VS FUEL PULL-THE GREAT DILEMMA

The energy needs generally, are met through hydroelectric, coal and fossil fuel based thermal and nuclear plants. To a limited extent wind power is also contributing its might to augment energy supply. While coal based power projects are facing increasing hostility from people because of their enormous pollution risks, fossil fuels are sourced externally in countries like India to a large extent with limited domestic production. With automobile sector growing at a frenetic pace, demand for fossil fuels is increasing sharply entailing unbearable outflow of foreign exchange and increased domestic prices for fuels, adversely affecting all walks of the economy. Recent sharp spurt in prices of crude oil in the global market is attributed to increasing demands from China and India, two Asian giants on the threshold of breaking into the exclusive club of developed countries. But such ambitions may still be derailed if the energy crunch is not
handled with vision and fortitude.

Extending the fuel supply is a major agenda on the menu of all countries and ethyl alcohol is the prime candidate for making fuel blends with lesser amount of fossil fuels. The shining example of Brazil in producing alcohol on a massive scale from sugar cane which is grown abundantly for blending with gasoline, serves as a model for others. USA uses 20% of its corn production for converting into ethanol and blending with gasoline and by law the country has set a long term goal to use 36 billion gallons of ethanol for fuel blends by 2022 from 3.5 billion gallons in 2004. The logistics of such huge production may pose large scale conflicts in a world where more than 20% of the population is estimated to be suffering from hunger. The US Arboretum in Washington D.C cites crops like corn, sorghum, soybean, mustard, sugar beet, sugarcane all presently used for human consumption as future fuel sources for their automobile industry!

The reported approval by the Government of India (GOI) of a Bio-fuel Policy raises some concern as to its potential for creating strain on the food supply in future. According to this policy, by October this year it will be mandatory for the petroleum companies to mix 5% bio-fuels with petrol and diesel and increase this to 20% within 9 years. The National Bio-fuel Policy being implemented and to be monitored by the Bio-fuel Coordination Committee headed by Prime Minister himself is supposed to be laying stress on non-edible agricultural crops like Jatropa and Pongamia using community, government and marginal/degraded/ waste lands for cultivating these crops. How far this is feasible remains to be seen though GOI wants to introduce Minimum Support Price concept for buying bio-ethanol by the fuel distribution companies in order to boost the production for meeting the demand. The supporting policy to be put in place also will allow free movement of bio-ethanol through out the country unhindered across all the states while they are exempted from all taxes. How far this will be diverted by the unorganized liquor industry for conversion to spirits is a worrying factor.

What has not caught the attention of GOI is the enormous potential for converting ligno cellulosic materials, the waste streams in the agricultural operations, into alcohol for which ready technology is available. The 300 million gallon bio-ethanol plant being commissioned in Kakinada, AP, India, by Universal Biofuels using latest technology with much lesser energy and water requirement, is a right model for India and must be replicated several fold to meet the demand from the petroleum industry for bio-ethanol in the coming years. Such ethanol blended petrol (gasohol) is more environment friendly emitting less green house gas CO2 than the normal petrol while it can save valuable food crops for human consumption.

V.H.POTTY
http://vhpotty.blogspot.com/

CHINA' SHINES'-WHAT ABOUT THE MELAMINE TAINTED MILK?

It is fashionable in India, especially amongst the admirers of China to compare the development achievements between the two countries and India invariably comes out second best. All credits must go to Chinese for the glittering Olympics they organized, reflecting their enormous organizational strength and ruthless discipline. The omnipotent presence of Chinese made products world wide in almost all countries is a glowing tribute to the economic achievements by that country in a relatively short time. Of course all these were possible to a significant extent because of the highly autocratic ruling regime which can 'impose' any thing it wants in the 'interest' of the country.

In an earlier piece on this blog it was reported how the food control regime in China enforces the food safety laws, even going to the extent of executing the head of the monitoring organization found to have been guilty of wrong doings. Now comes the news about an episode involving contamination of baby food with a toxic chemical, not inadvertently but deliberately for increased profits by the dairy farmers in a part of the country. The perplexing question is why this happens in a country like China with a strong deterrent policy in place. Of course there will be punishment and some heads will roll, whether real culprits or scapegoats as, for China their image is more important than the right to justice for its citizens.

Melamine is a toxic chemical which has no relation to any food but used commercially in coatings and laminates, wood adhesives, fabric coatings, ceiling tiles, flame retardants etc, none of which is connected with food processing operations. Ingesting melamine (Tripolycyanamide) is known to contribute to formation of kidney stones, cause urinary track ulcers and irritation of eyes and skin. The incidence of the present contamination has caused death of one infant while about 50 others were affected by life threatening kidney stones in north western Gansu province and nearby, which forced its manufacturer Sanlu Group to recall 8200 tons of the product from the market. The prompt action in countries like US and New Zealand in advising their citizens to avoid Chines made infant foods is bound to affect the reputation of the country in international forums in the coming years. Absence of a food supply chain accountability system will make it
difficult to pin point the source of contamination.

The early report put out by China blames the diary producers for this unfortunate tragedy. Adding water to milk is an age old practice which prevails all over the world but the ingenuity to mask this misdeed is what is dangerous. It is known that the milk producers in India generally use thickeners to tamper with the lactometer readings but rarely any unsafe chemicals. Melamine contamination has been attributed to the use of the nitrogen-rich melamine deliberately to boost the nitrogen value and consequently the apparent protein value in the milk. Whether it is due to low procurement price offered by the processor or it is just plain greed, is a matter of conjecture and the world is unlikely to know the truth from a country which does not have a clean record in transparency. In 2004, in a similar incidence 13 infants died due to consumption of tainted milk powder from the same company. As for India, it offers a lesson to its food industry here that eternal vigilance has no substitute if consumer safety is upper most in their mind and food products it offers should have safety standards even higher than what the government stipulates in order to have a cushion against such contingency. In a free and democratic country consumer credibility and loyalty only can ensure success in the market place.


V.H.POTTY
http://vhpotty.blogspot.com/

Wednesday, September 10, 2008

HUNGRY WORLD AND THE 'FELINE' PHILOSOPHY

Reels of figures depicting the extent of hunger in this planet do not seem to be causing any loss of sleep to most of the governing class of politicians and bureaucrats as these figures continue to rise rather than dip in spite of years of 'sermons' heard at various forums national as ,well as international. Rich gets richer and the poor becomes poorer each day obviously due to the distortions in the society all over the world. Global food prices are estimated to have doubled in the last 3 years while the buying capacity of the impoverished population is declining, thus shrinking the food bowl of the poorer families to critical levels and accentuating the calorie- protein malnutrition already prevalent widely. The aid levels are also falling and doling out free foods to starving people in selected areas, especially in Africa under many international programs, only buys time and postpones the crisis. USA's budgeted aid dropped dramatically by 75% compared to that in 1980 and one can imagine the real value of this aid in terms of to day's depreciated dollar.

The huge agricultural subsidies to rich farmers of the West, use of valuable foods like corn, edible oils etc for converting to bio fuels, the inherent wastage of foods in raising meat animals all contribute to food scarcity and ever escalating food prices. It is estimated that the net increase of 50 million tons of corn production in USA since 2004 has been channeled into ethanol production and bio fuels while there was a net addition of population of about 200 million in the world during this period. Naturally this would cause strains on food availability and price distortions in the global market. Similarly the well known inefficiency in raising meat animals which require 7 kg of grains to yield 1 kg of meat siphons of a significant portion of foods, otherwise available to human beings. This is in contrast to the cattle raising practices in many developing countries where only food materials not consumed by the man are used sparing valuable food grains for human consumption. Large scale use of Palm oil in Europe as a bio fuel caused spiking of edible oil prices globally and this practice must be discontinued for the sake of humanity. There are enormous non-food resources like lignocellulosic materials available in plenty that can be converted into alcohol through enzymatic process for which technology is readily available.

A larger question to the donors of aid is why they are not providing soccour to the poor nations in the form of high yielding seed materials and relevant technology to increase productivity and self-sustenance. The Green Revolution of Asian fame did not had any impact in Africa where yields are one third of that attained in Asia. Even the traditional yields are going down because of resource crunch forcing the farmers not to use fertilizers. To add insult to injury USA is aggressively promoting GM crops in Africa under the illusion that it will be panacea for all the ills afflicting the region! It has been shown conclusively that conventional breeding technology is best suited for a green revolution as achieved by countries like India and Brazil in sixties and seventies. The reluctance for using the aid money to buy and distribute seeds may pose conflict of interests with the US farmers as perpetuating declining trends in production create a ready
market for US food grains in the region.

One is reminded of the story of a cat which drinks milk surreptitiously closing its eyes, imagining that no one is noticing it. Same way the developed world seems to be under the illusion that by shutting their eyes and minds to the global reality the problems will get dissolved automatically!

V.H.POTTY
http://vhpotty.blogspot.com/

FOOD OUTSOURCING-A NEW BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY

Outsourcing has become widespread in many business areas, most predominant being in the realm of IT projects. If India is a leading country for outsourcing it is because of the highly developed skills and relatively low cost of human resources as compared to affluent countries. How long this bubble will last, no one is certain, with East Europeans,  Chinese and South Asian countries like Vietnam, Korea, Thailand, Philippines etc catching up fast. Earlier brain drain was considered damaging to the country's future as bright youngsters with engineering and medical degrees tended to migrate to western countries seeking greener pastures. Outsourcing helps to retain these skilled personnel within India which is a mutually convenient arrangement for outsourcing countries as well as service provider. It is another matter that there is a huge hue and cry in countries sending out jobs under Business Process Outsourcing( BPO) by the
local citizens fearing large scale unemployment.

In the food area contract manufacturing exclusively for export to a particular country is itself an outsourcing as the products are made for the foreign buyer. Large conglomerates like Wal Marts and others outsource many products in their retail basket from many countries in Asia, Africa and South America valued at billions of dollars an year. While this comes under the global trade protocols involving WTO as well as bilateral agreements, what about the possibility of outsourcing within the country as intra trading within the industry or as a consumer service? Ancillaries industries already working in the food sector and contract manufacturing in vogue to a limited extent where big label industry gets their products from small scale sector, can achieve tremendous growth if suitable incentives are provided from the government. Synergy between small processors and large corporates is the only way for the food industry to grow with the latter
providing the marketing muscle so necessary to establish the credibility and credentials of small enterprises amongst the consumers. It does not make any sense to build up production capacities if adequate demand is not generated through resource intensive promotional efforts.

Food outsourcing is similar to business outsourcing but the service provider offers both products as well as the delivery service. It may be a glorified version of the humble vegetable vendor who pushes his push cart house to house every day, selling his wares but very relevant and appropriate to the situation in India. Originally pioneered by Pizza companies, the service provider takes orders from households willing to outsource their foods and delivers the product in prime condition. An improvement in this is that the service provider almost replicates the service of a restaurant, the only difference is that the food is served at the client's place. It is more or less like a mobile restaurant but much more sophisticated in terms of standards and range of foods offered and service provided. In India with the working family system taking deep roots, such a service may become lucrative if right entrepreneurial approach is adopted. Imagine a family of
5 enjoying a 10-course dinner served at home piping hot without lighting the kitchen stove! Home clusters, increasingly being established with hundreds of individual family units in a concentrated place in the ever growing urban conglomerates, open up vast opportunities for food outsourcing business. Design of central kitchens, mode of presentation, delivery logistics, safety and hygiene of the products and aesthetics of service all need attention and the catering training institutes in the country must pull their resources to evolve models appropriate to the country.    
V.H.POTTY
http://vhpotty.blogspot.com/

A SUBSIDY FOR NO CULTIVATION!

Subsidy is a dirty word for everybody though it is the most sought after favor from the governments world over. The belief that only developing countries indulge in handing out massive subsidies to their people as a political prop is totally misconceived as there exists a pernicious system of direct and indirect subsidies in many developed countries under one pretext or the other. The collapse of the Geneva conference in June this year on free trade was ascribed to the stand taken by countries like China and India to force the well to do countries with rich farmer families to stop subsidizing their agriculture making their produce dirt cheap in the global market.

United States of America (USA) is one of the countries in the world which pampers their agriculturists with huge land holdings through cash subsidy in various forms. It is understandable that governments extent financial support to the farmers through distribution of subsidized agricultural inputs like fertilizer, water, energy etc to ensure that farming operations remain sustainable with sufficient margins to the growers. The minimum support price scheme for government procurement of food grains is a price stabilization mechanism to protect the consumers from run away inflationary pressure due to high open market costs and the Public Distribution System (PDS) is the tool for the government to deliver the staples like rice and wheat to below poverty line segment of the population ensuring freedom from starvation.

It is a travesty of justice that highly affluent farmer families in USA with large land holdings of thousands of acres are encouraged to keep their land fallow without any cultivation for which government doles out huge cash incentives. The pretext for such a program is land conservation. Under such a program each farmer is supposed to lease out a portion of the land to the government to keep them idle under a 10 years contract for which they are paid huge sums from the treasury. Breaking the contract will make the farmers liable to return the funds with a penalty equivalent to 25% of the cash received for leasing land under this program. This scheme also keeps the price of the commodities at high levels in the market and prevent production gluts that can depress the prices. Even if the farmers are able to recover just the cost of operations in their free hold land, government cash subsidy will be the net profit which is substantial. Many
farmers do break the lease agreement when the prices shoot up for some of the crops and willingly refund the government the principal amount with the fine as they ensure their returns are much higher from the market.

A rich country like USA only can afford to keep cultivable land fallow while the whole world is struggling to increase agricultural production by expanding the area under cultivation and increased productivity. Currently 34.7 million acres of private land is with the government under the land lease and subsidy program and one can imagine how much is the production depressed because of this. In a country like India where land was being cultivated for thousands of years, such land reclamation schemes are highly relevant but it is a luxury that the country cannot afford due to recurring food shortages and the consequent strain on the PDS. Rewarding for not cultivating the land and exporting the crops produced under this unethical policy at prices lower than that incurred by the farmers of poor countries can only accentuate their miseries. Is this the compassionate conservatism promoted by USA or a slow genocide being perpetuated for self
aggrandizement of an affluent country? Time only will unfold the truth.  
  
 V.H.POTTY
http://vhpotty.blogspot.com/